Monosaccharides are classified based on the position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone. See Figure 1 for an illustration of the monosaccharides. Depending on the number of carbons in the sugar, they also may be known as trioses (three carbons), pentoses (five carbons), and or hexoses (six carbons). If the sugar has an aldehyde group (the functional group with the structure R-CHO), it is known as an aldose, and if it has a ketone group (the functional group with the structure RC(=O)R′), it is known as a ketose. Most monosaccharide names end with the suffix – ose. In monosaccharides, the number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven. Monosaccharides ( mono– = “one” sacchar– = “sweet”) are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose.
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